THE VERTEBRAE

THE 9 NO. VERTEBRA OF TOAD (Bufo sp)

1. The vertebra have a centrum which is strongly procoelous.

2.The neural spine is short.

3. Transverse process is backwardly directed.

 KNOWLEDGE BOX:

1. PROCOELOUS CENTRUM AND TRANSVERSE PROCESSES ARE

 CARTILAGINOUS MARGINS.

2.IT HAS TWO ROUNDED CONDYLES ON THE POSTERIOR SIDE.

3.PRE ZYGAPOPHYSIS-WELL DEVELOPED, POST ZYGAPOPHYSIS IS ABSENT.

4.LOW NEURAL SPINE REPRESENTED BY AMEDIAN RIDGE.

CONJUGATION

 CONJUGATION  IN Paramecium sp.

CHICK DEVELOPMENT

 

GENETIC CHANGES

MUTATION is a change in DNA base pair causes several changes in the molecular genetics causes several genetic disorders.  

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder cause for alternation in expression of hemoglobin gene (15 no. chromosome of human body)